Electronics for beginners: choosing a brain

I work with high schoolers and their teachers, and I often come across questions about how to get started with physical computing. This post is meant to compare some of the most well-known platforms.

To begin, understand that the space is broadly separated into microcontrollers and single-board computers, with different strengths and weaknesses.

Microcontrollers (MCUs)

Microcontrollers are basic, general-purpose processors with limited capabilities compared to single board computers (SBCs). They offer slower processing speeds, smaller storage capacity, and fewer communication options. Unlike SBCs, which run full operating systems, microcontrollers typically execute only one program at a time. Despite these limitations, microcontrollers have several advantages. They are generally more affordable than SBCs, and their simpler architecture makes it easier to understand and control their behavior. Additionally, microcontrollers can begin executing their programs almost immediately after powering on, eliminating the need to load an operating system first.

Arduino UNO

Arduino is a popular microcontroller platform that has become a favorite among beginners. Originally designed for college students, Arduino offers a robust ecosystem of "shield" hardware add-ons, code libraries, and examples. While it's relatively easy to get started with, Arduino doesn't include built-in sensors or actuators (except for a single LED). This means that you'll typically need to connect external components to your Arduino board to create functional projects.

Since many students are familiar with Scratch, a popular visual programming language, you might consider using Scratch for Arduino. This third-party tool can help students leverage their existing Scratch skills to learn Arduino programming.

BBC micro:bit

The micro:bit is a popular microcontroller platform specifically designed for primary and secondary students. It offers a user-friendly experience with built-in sensors and actuators, allowing students to create projects without extensive wiring. The micro:bit comes pre-loaded with engaging sample programs, making it easy for students to start experimenting. The official BBC micro:bit learning site provides a well-structured curriculum with projects that gradually introduce new concepts, making it ideal for teaching children to code.

Adafruit Circuit Playground

The Circuit Playground platform is also geared toward beginners and features several built-in sensors and actuators. It's arguably more customizable and flexible than the BBC micro:bit, and also more affordable. However, it has a smaller community and fewer educational resources.

Adafruit Feather and Trinket

These Adafruit microcontroller offerings are more advanced platforms that cater to students seeking features like a smaller physical size and enhanced communication options. These platforms often use "Feather wings," which are specialized hardware add-ons designed to expand their capabilities.

Single Board Computers (SBCs)

Single board computers are powerful, miniaturized computers that can handle complex tasks like computer vision and machine learning. Unlike microcontrollers, which are more suited for simpler applications, SBCs offer the versatility and performance of a traditional desktop computer. While SBCs may require initial setup with peripherals like a monitor, keyboard, and mouse, they can be configured for remote access, making them more convenient for a variety of uses.

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a popular and affordable single board computer (SBC) known for its versatility and strong community support. Running a Linux-based operating system, Raspberry Pi offers a wide range of features, including USB, WiFi, and Bluetooth connectivity. Hardware add-ons, often called "Pi hats," can be easily connected to expand its capabilities.

BeagleBone Black

The BeagleBone Black is a more powerful single board computer (SBC) compared to the Raspberry Pi, offering a faster processor and more GPIO pins for connecting external sensors. However, it comes at a higher price point. The BeagleBone community is smaller than the Raspberry Pi community, which may make it more challenging to find answers to questions or examples. Hardware add-ons for BeagleBone are typically called "capes."

Closing Thoughts

No single platform is perfect for every project. The best choice depends on the specific requirements and limitations of your application. Many real-world devices, such as cars, combine computer CPUs and microprocessors to leverage their complementary strengths! Microprocessors can be particularly beneficial for tasks that require quick startup and minimal delays. They can operate independently and communicate with the CPU over a channel (like UART, SPI or I2C) when the operating system is ready.